Scientific literacy was the main focus of PISA in 2006, and a number of items on the student questionnaire asked students how frequently they experienced certain teaching and learning activities, or teaching styles, in their science classrooms. This chapter examines the extent to which student responses to the questionnaire items and student performance on the PISA 2006 test are supported by the conclusions about the approaches to science teaching and learning of the five countries that participated in the TIMSS 1999 Video Study.