Nanoscience is increasingly visible in scientific endeavors, new technologies, and engineered products. Citizens and students must develop a sense of what constitutes scientific evidence of the positive and negative effects as well as side effects of nanotechnology on human health and wellbeing, the environment, and technological products. As such, nanotechnology provides a rich and rigorous context for the development of scientific literacy, one that is especially exciting because it can offer insights into the nature of science as new discoveries are made. In this chapter, the authors present a curriculum focused on helping middle school students build conceptual understanding of topics essential to nanoscale science through engagement in the evaluation of scientific claims.